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Maternal mental health, substance use, and domestic violence in the year after delivery and subsequent behavior problems in children at age 3 years.
In Short…

Children who live in families with multiple social and health-related problems are at high risk of developing behaviour problems as preschoolers.  Rather than trying to treat children with behaviour problems, it could be more effective to help families with their problems. Maternal depression and substance use (especially smoking) can be detected and addressed by doctors or others in the community. Education about the effects of these problems on children could help motivate parents to get help for themselves.

cialis canadian The health and well-being of parents, particularly mothers, has a major impact on their children’s development. Previous studies have identified single adverse conditions during early childhood that can lead to child behaviour problems. However, some families have multiple problems. This study looked at whether or not the mothers had experienced mental health disorders, substance abuse and domestic violence in the home one year after delivery. The researchers then looked at whether or not these conditions or events contributed to child behaviour problems at age 3 years. The study also looked at whether or not having more than one condition at the same time made the behaviour problems worse.

cialis canadian This was a study of over 2500 children followed from birth. The parents were interviewed about their own mental health and substance use in the first year after delivery. The mothers were also asked about their experience of domestic abuse in the same time period. The mothers filled out a checklist describing their child’s behaviour at age 3 years. The data from the initial interviews were used to see if it was possible to predict child behaviour problems based on the social and medical problems of their parents. The behaviour problems were described in checklists filled out by the mothers when their child was aged 3.

cialis canadian About half of the mothers had at least one of the problems and 22% of the children had behaviour problems. In the year after delivery,

  • about 14% of the mothers had symptoms of a major depression,
  • about 4% reported having symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, 
  • more than 27% smoked, (a risk factor for child development and behaviour problems),
  • 5% reported binge drinking or illicit drug use.
  • about 21% reported emotional domestic abuse and
  • 9% reported physical domestic abuse.
  • about one third of the mothers reported more than one of these problems at the same time.

The more problems reported by mothers, the worse the child’s behaviour problems. Children of mothers with both depression and anxiety seemed to have the worst problems. Fathers reported fewer mood problems and more smoking and binge drinking, but it was only the fathers’ depression that increased child behavior problems. Lack of fathers’ involvement with the family increased child depression/anxiety or inattention/hyperactivity problems.

Multiple, sometimes related, parental social and health factors predicted child behaviour problems in preschoolers. The risk of child behaviour problems increased as the number of the mothers’ problems did. The problems that the parents experienced are part of a wider social situation that may promote unhealthy behaviours and contribute to the development of mental health disorders. This study highlights the fact that increasing numbers of problems increase the likelihood and severity of child behaviour problems in the preschool years.  Interventions that improve family circumstances and address the underlying causes of mental health disorders, especially maternal depression and substance abuse, may help to reduce the risk for behaviour problems in small children.

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The preceding is a summary of: Whitaker RC, Orzol SM, Kahn RS. cialis canadian Archives of General Psychiatry. 2006; 63: 551-560

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